Category: Banks & Interest Rates

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Supreme Court Setback for Trump

Key Points

  • In a 6-3 decision, the Supreme Court ruled that the International Emergency Economic Powers Act of 1977 doesn’t authorize President Donald Trump to impose tariffs.
  • The Yale Budget Lab estimated that households’ average cost burden would fall by about half in 2026, to between $600 and $800, if the Supreme Court ruled against the tariffs.
  • However, Trump administration officials previously said they would use different legal pathways to achieve an outcome similar to the IEEPA tariffs.
  • President Trump signed a proclamation Friday night that will impose a 10% duty on most imports for up to 150 days, as permitted under Section 122 of the Trade Act of 1974.
  • Businesses may be able to claim refunds for IEEPA tariffs paid, but are unlikely to pass these on to consumers.

Last year, President Trump used the International Emergency Economic Powers Act of 1977 (IEEPA) to impose tariffs on US trading partners.

He declared a national emergency, saying an influx of illegal drugs from Canada, Mexico, and China had created a public health crisis, and that large and persistent trade deficits had undermined US manufacturing. His administration used IEEPA to levy tariffs on imports to manage the perceived crises: a 10% baseline tariff on all US trading partners and higher duties on Canada, Mexico, and China.

Chief Justice John Roberts

Chief Justice John Roberts

In a 6-3 decision, the Supreme Court ruled on Friday that the IEEPA doesn’t authorize the president to impose tariffs.

“The Government reads IEEPA to give the President power to unilaterally impose unbounded tariffs and change them at will,” according to the court.

“That view would represent a transformative expansion of the President’s authority over tariff policy,” their opinion argued. “It is also telling that in IEEPA’s half-century of existence, no President has invoked the statute to impose any tariffs, let alone tariffs of this magnitude and scope.”

The Yale Budget Lab estimated that households’ average cost burden would fall by about half in 2026, to between $600 and $800, if the IEEPA tariffs were overturned.

Before the ruling, Trump administration officials had said they would use different legal pathways, if overruled, to achieve roughly the same outcome as the tariffs. (CNBC)

President Trump signed a proclamation Friday night that will impose 10% tariffs on most imports to the United States, to replace the 10% IEEPA baseline tariff rate overturned by the earlier Supreme Court ruling.

The new tariffs take effect Monday and are levied under Section 122 of the Trade Act of 1974, which allows the president to impose duties of up to 15% for 150 days to address “large and serious” balance-of-payments issues. (CBS News)

Businesses will likely claim refunds for the estimated $175 billion in IEEPA tariffs paid to date, but consumers will not receive any direct benefit. (Reuters)

Treasury Markets

10-year Treasury yields increased on news of the Supreme Court ruling, but remain close to primary support at 4.0%.

10-Year Treasury Yield

Stocks

The S&P 500 rallied on the prospect of reduced tariffs, but will likely reverse on news of Trump’s Friday night proclamation.

S&P 500

Financial Markets

The Chicago Fed National Financial Conditions Index reached -0.568 on February 13, signaling loose monetary conditions.

Chicago Fed National Financial Conditions Index

However, Bitcoin1 (BTC) remains below 70,000, indicating that financial markets are shedding risk assets.

Bitcoin (BTC)

Inflation

The Fed’s favored measure of underlying inflation, the core PCE index, jumped by 0.355% in December 2025, warning of an upsurge in price pressures.

Core PCE Inflation - Monthly

Annual growth in the core PCE inflation index lifted to 3.0%, and the headline PCE index increased to 2.9%.

PCE & Core PCE

The University of Michigan (UOM) survey of consumers reported a median expected price increase of 3.4% over the next year, with the 3-month average declining to 3.9%.

University of Michigan: 1-Year Inflation Expectations

Consumers

Consumer sentiment from the February UOM survey remains near record lows since the survey commenced in 1960.

University of Michigan: Consumer Sentiment

Participants’ assessment of current economic conditions is also near the lowest ebb in more than 60 years.

University of Michigan: Current Economic Conditions

Economy

Real GDP growth slowed to 0.35% in the fourth quarter, or 1.4% annualized, according to the US Bureau of Economic Analysis. Aggregate weekly hours worked grew at a slower 1.0% over the 12 months to January 2026, suggesting that GDP growth will likely slow further.

Real GDP & Growth in Total Hours Worked

Dollar & Gold

The US Dollar Index met resistance at 98 after news of the Supreme Court ruling, and we expect the downtrend to continue.

Dollar Index

Gold rallied to above $5,100 per ounce, signaling another test of resistance at $5,500.

Spot Gold

Conclusion

The Supreme Court ruling against President Trump’s tariffs checks his expansive use of emergency powers in pursuit of his economic agenda. The ruling also increases the economic uncertainty that has bedeviled Trump’s economic policy, making it difficult for corporations to make long-term investment decisions.

Declining real GDP growth in the fourth quarter highlights that the US economy is heavily reliant on massive capital investment in AI data centers to keep the country out of a recession, while the broader economy shudders from one mishap to the next.

Consumer sentiment and perceptions of current economic conditions are near sixty-year lows, again reflecting the narrow economic recovery, which has failed to benefit most Americans despite low unemployment. Republicans are going to find it difficult to hold a majority in Congress after the November midterm elections, delivering a further setback to Trump’s economic agenda.

The Supreme Court decision, led by conservative Chief Justice John Roberts, is a sign that conservatives will increasingly resist Trump’s disregard for the checks and balances built into the Constitution. We have likely passed “peak Trump” on the economic front, though he will likely try to stay in the spotlight with his geopolitical agenda.

We maintain our overweight position in gold and defensive stocks with stable cash flows, while avoiding high-multiple technology stocks and long-term financial instruments.

Acknowledgments

Notes

  1. Cryptocurrencies are the highest-risk asset class, and we analyze Bitcoin (BTC) solely to identify risk sentiment in financial markets. Our analysis is not a recommendation to buy or sell BTC, nor is it a commentary on the merits of cryptocurrency.
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Japan’s Debt Trap

Key Points

  • Japanese PM Sanae Takaichi led her Liberal Democratic Party to a resounding 316 out of 465 seats win in Sunday’s snap election for Japan’s lower house.
  • The Yen strengthened, and long-term bond yields declined on the result.
  • The Japanese government is in a debt trap caused by precarious debt levels, negative real interest rates, a weakening Yen, and rising inflation.

Japanese Prime Minister Sanae Takaichi delivered the country’s first post-war supermajority in Sunday’s snap election. Her Liberal Democratic Party won 316 out of 465 seats in Japan’s powerful lower house.

The arch-conservative leader has pledged to suspend the 8% sales tax on food, called for a return to the large-scale fiscal stimulus deployed by former Prime Minister Shinzo Abe (2006-2007 and 2012-2020), and wants to revise Japan’s pacifist constitution. (Reuters)

The Japanese Yen strengthened against the Dollar, but remains in a long-term downtrend. The Yen has weakened considerably since Takaichi’s appointment in October 2025. However, currency markets hope that Takaichi’s resounding victory will ease pressure to adopt populist policies.

Japanese Yen

Japan has struggled to recover since industrial production plateaued in the 1990s.

Japanese Industrial Production

Japanese fiscal debt ballooned as the government ran large deficits to stimulate the economy. Now, fears of rising inflation have driven up long-term interest rates, threatening a fiscal crisis as debt-servicing costs rise.

Japanese Fiscal Debt to GDP

Takaichi seeks to follow a fiscal path similar to that of Japan’s longest-serving prime minister, Shinzo Abe, with large-scale fiscal stimulus now known as “Abenomics.” However, inflation is much higher than during Abe’s tenure, which ended in 2020. Japanese core CPI excluding food and energy (termed “core core” in Japan), remains stubbornly high at 2.9%.

Japanese CPI Inflation Excluding Food & Energy

The Bank of Japan has slow-walked the pace of increases in its policy rate, which remains deeply negative at -2.15% (0.75% minus 2.9%), heightening fears of high inflation.

Bank of Japan Policy Rate

Rising Japanese interest rates, accompanied by a weakening Yen, have alerted bond markets to a potential fiscal crisis. Rising rates typically strengthen the domestic currency by attracting inflows of foreign capital. The weakening Yen warns of the opposite: capital outflows despite higher interest rates, as bond markets are wary of inflation risk.

Bond markets are demanding increased compensation for inflation risk, with the 30-year Japanese bond yield climbing above 3.75% before retracing to test support at 3.5% after the snap election result.

30-Year JGB Yield

Japanese stocks have also soared on expectations of higher inflation, with the Nikkei 225 index in a strong uptrend.

Nikkei 225 Index

Conclusion

Japanese Prime Minister Sanae Takaich’s resounding victory in Sunday’s snap election provides her with the political cover needed to make the tough decisions necessary to avoid a fiscal crisis. Whether she is sufficiently pragmatic to seize this opportunity will become evident in the months ahead.

Japan is in a debt trap.

The pursuit of large fiscal stimulus risks a budgetary crisis as higher inflation drives up bond yields, threatening a budget blowout. Intervention by the Bank of Japan to suppress long-term interest rates through large bond purchases would risk a currency crisis, with a collapse of the Yen.

Japan’s long-term bond yields are artificially low, supported by the Bank of Japan’s large-scale bond purchases. The chart below from Robin Brooks compares JGB 30-year yields (JP) with the yield on Germany’s 30-year Bund (DE). Both bonds offer similar yields despite substantial differences in the two countries’ debt-to-GDP ratios.

30-Year JGB Yield vs. German 30-Year Yield

We expect that the Yen will continue to weaken until the above disparity is rectified, with capital flowing out of Japan into more secure markets.

A weak Yen, or higher Japanese interest rates, has far-reaching implications beyond Japan’s domestic bond market. Japanese investors hold $11 trillion of international investments. Rising domestic interest rates, a falling Yen, or attempts to support the Yen by selling reserve assets — can destabilize international capital markets, driving up long-term bond yields.

Acknowledgments

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RBA Admits Its Mistake

Key Points

  • The RBA raised its cash rate target by 25 basis points to 3.85%.
  • The consumer price index jumped to 3.8% for the 12 months to December 2025.
  • The unemployment rate fell to a seasonally-adjusted 4.1%.
  • The ASX 200 found support at 8800.

The RBA increased its cash rate target by 25 basis points to 3.85%, citing stubborn inflationary pressures and a labor market that is “a little tight.”

The trimmed mean, the RBA’s preferred measure of underlying inflation, increased slightly to 3.3% for the 12 months to December 2025, up from 3.2% in November. However, a jump in the consumer price index to 3.8% from 3.4% in November spooked the central bank into a speedy reversal of its recent accommodative monetary policy.

Australian CPI & Trimmed Mean CPI

The 0.25% rate increase comes less than 12 months after the RBA commenced rate cuts on 19 February last year. The cumulative 75-basis-point rate-cut cycle is the shallowest in the past 35 years, an acknowledgment that it cut too soon.

RBA Cash Rate Target

The seasonally adjusted unemployment rate fell to 4.1% in December from 4.3% in November, indicating a tighter labor market.

Australia: Unemployment

The S&P Global Composite PMI for Australia jumped to 55.7 in January 2025, the highest level in more than 3 years.

S&P Global Composite PMI

Also, the ANZ-Indeed job ads average increased to 4.4% in January 2026, but remains in a long-term downtrend.

Australia: Job Ads

However, aggregate monthly hours worked grew by 1% over the 12 months to December 2025, suggesting low real GDP growth in the year ahead.

Australia: Aggregate Hours Worked

Over the same 12 months, credit and broad money grew at rates of 7.6% and 7.2%, respectively. The wide margin of more than 6.0% between credit/money growth and actual hours worked suggests strong underlying inflationary pressures.

Australia: Credit and Broad Money Growth

The ASX 200 shrugged off the rate increase, respect of support at 8800 signaling another test of 9000.

ASX 200 Index

The large ASX 200 Financials index indicates increased buyer interest, with a higher Trend Index trough.

ASX 200 Financials Index

The ASX 300 Metals & Mining index continues in a strong uptrend, and recovery above 8000 would indicate a fresh advance, with a short-term target of 8750.

ASX 300 Metals & Mining Index

Conclusion

The RBA faces a dilemma.

On the one hand, economic growth is slowing. Aggregate monthly hours worked grew just 1.0% in 2025, while real GDP growth slowed to 0.4% in the third quarter.

Australian Real GDP Growth

On the other hand, inflation is rising due to high government spending, loose monetary policy, and high immigration, crush-loading the housing rental market.

Hiking rates will further slow the economy, but the central bank is already late in tightening monetary policy and will need to hike aggressively to bring inflation back under control.

For now, the stock market shrugged off the rate increase. However, the RBA will need to inflict some pain to achieve its goal.

Acknowledgments

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The real risk of a Fed rate cut

Key Points

  • ADP National Employment Report estimates that the private sector shed 32,000 jobs in November.
  • Traders are pricing in an 89% chance of a 25-basis-point rate cut by the Fed on December 10.
  • ISM Manufacturing and Services PMI shows inflation is not yet under control.
  • A rate cut will likely weaken the Dollar, increase demand for real assets, and drive up long-term yields.

The ADP National Employment report estimates that the economy lost 32,000 jobs in November, the 3-month moving average turning negative for the first time since the height of the pandemic in August 2020.

ADP Private Sector Jobs

Losses are heavily weighted toward small firms, which have taken a hit from tariffs, shedding 120,000 jobs in November, while mid-sized firms added 51,000 jobs and large firms 39,000.

ADP Private Sector Jobs

The Fed is expected to announce a 25-basis-point rate cut on December 10 in response to weak jobs data. Markets are pricing in an 89% probability of a cut, with the discount rate on 13-week T-Bills falling below the Fed’s current 3.75% to 4.00% target range for the fed funds rate.

3-Month T-Bill Discount Rate

Other parts of the economy remain resilient, with the ISM Services PMI increasing to 52.6% for November, well above the 48.6% breakeven level typical of past contractions.

ISM Services PMI

New orders also signal expansion, but the rate slowed to 52.9%.

ISM Services New Orders

Employment has improved over the past four months, but remains in a contraction.

ISM Services Employment

Most importantly, from the Fed’s perspective, 65.4% of enterprises reported increased prices, down from 70% in October but still reflecting strong inflationary pressures.

ISM Services Prices

The Manufacturing sector reported similar price rises in November, though the rate of increase is slowing.

ISM Manufacturing Prices

Financial Markets

The Chicago Fed National Financial Conditions Index edged higher to -0.522 for the week ending November 21.

Chicago Fed National Financial Conditions Index

Dynamic indicators, however, like Bitcoin below, continue to warn of a sharp contraction in financial market liquidity.

Bitcoin (BTC)

The secure overnight financing rate (SOFR) jumped to 4.12%, above the 4.0% rate the Fed charges on its standing repo facility (SRF), signaling that the Fed is struggling to control pricing in the $12 trillion repo market. Repo lending is primarily secured by US Treasury Bills and Notes, and a spike in the SOFR repo rate would trigger a sharp sell-off in the Treasury market.

Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR) & Interest on Reserve Balance (IORB)

Rising long-term yields in Japan and Europe are sucking liquidity out of US financial markets. The Bank of Japan (BOJ) is also expected to hike its policy rate on December 18, with the 3-month Japanese Government Bill discount rate jumping to 0.633%, well above the current 0.50% policy rate.

Japanese Govt 3-Month Bill Discount Rate

A BOJ rate hike would likely trigger a sell-off in US financial markets as hedge funds unwind large carry trades funded in Japanese Yen.

The US Dollar Index broke support at 99 and is expected to fall sharply in December, taking a double hit from a Fed rate cut and a BOJ rate hike, which would narrow the current spread by an estimated 50 basis points.

Dollar Index

Treasury Markets

Long-term Treasury yields are softening in anticipation of a Fed rate cut, but could face a sell-off amid tightening liquidity.

10-Year Treasury Yield

Stocks

The S&P 500  also rallied in anticipation of a Fed rate cut, but again, the rally risks being undone by contracting liquidity.

S&P 500

Mag 7 technology stocks continue to show gains over the past 6 months, apart from Meta Platforms (META), with Alphabet (GOOGL) building an advantage in the competition to lead AI.

Magnificent 7 Technology Stocks

Small caps are also strengthening, with the Russell 2000 ETF (IWM) testing resistance at 250.

Russell 2000 Small Cap ETF (IWM)

Gold & Silver

Gold is retracing to test support at $4,200, with high prices taming investor enthusiasm for the present.

Spot Gold

Silver is consolidating in a narrow band above support at $58 per ounce. Respect of support would confirm our target of $62.

Spot Silver

Energy Metals

Energy metals are another prospective inflation hedge for investors.

The Sprott Uranium Miners ETF (URNM) broke resistance at 56, joining copper and lithium miners in an uptrend.

Sprott Uranium Miners ETF (URNM)

The Sprott Copper Miners ETF (COPP) broke resistance at 31.50, confirming a fresh advance.

Sprott Copper Miners ETF (COPP)

Sprott Lithium Miners ETF (LITP) is also in an uptrend since breaking resistance at 11.

Sprott Lithium Miners ETF (LITP)

Conclusion

Forced to choose between its two mandates, the Fed seems willing to prioritize maintaining full employment ahead of stable prices. Cutting rates while the unemployment rate is low (below 5.0%) may please President Trump, who wants to run the economy hot, but risks a sharp rebound in inflation.

High inflation would lower the debt-to-GDP ratio but would likely increase outflows from US Treasury markets and raise long-term interest rates as international bond investors demand a higher risk premium. It would also later necessitate a sharp increase in interest rates to get the genie back in the lamp.

Falling Bitcoin prices and rising secure overnight funding rates in the $12 billion repo market signal tight liquidity in financial markets. Unwinding carry trades may destabilize financial markets if the Bank of Japan hikes its policy rate on December 18 as expected. A Fed rate cut and a BOJ rate hike would narrow the current carry trade spread by an estimated 50 basis points, risking a sharp sell-off in several trillion dollars of US assets financed in Yen.

The danger is that the Fed may reintroduce QE to stabilize the repo market, as it did during the last Powell pivot in September 2019.

Demand for gold, silver, and energy metals — copper, lithium, and uranium — is likely to increase as concerns over inflation grow.

Acknowledgments

Posted on

Cass Freight Shipments Index Plunges

Key Points

  • Economic activity is contracting. The Cass Freight Shipments index signals a recession.
  • Bitcoin warns of a sharp contraction in financial market liquidity, which is likely to affect stock prices.

The Cass Freight Shipments (seasonally adjusted) Index declined to 0.984, a level typically associated with recession.

Cass Freight Index - Shipments (SA)

The decline confirms the earlier signal from our leading indicator.

A year-on-year decline of more than 2.0% in the 12-month moving average of the unadjusted Cass Freight Shipments Index provides a leading indicator of recessions.

Cass Freight Index - Shipments (NSA)

Financial Markets

Bitcoin continues to decline, warning of a sharp contraction in financial market liquidity that will likely affect stock prices.

Bitcoin (BTC)

The secured overnight funding rate (SOFR) increased to the Fed’s standing repo facility rate (blue dashes below), which is now 4.0%. The higher SOFR rate indicates that the repo market is having to pay a premium over the rate paid on reserve balances (pink) to attract sufficient funding from commercial banks.

Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR), Interest on Reserve Balance (IORB) & Standing Repo Facility (SFR)

When monetary conditions are looser, the repo market is primarily funded by money market funds, which are prepared to accept a lower rate than the IORB, only offered by the Fed to commercial banks.

Stocks

The S&P 500 rallied after a gap down at the open, but was unable to hold onto gains.

S&P 500

Treasury Markets

10-year Treasury yields shot up to 4.15%, suggesting that the prospects of a December rate cut are again fading.

10-Year Treasury Yield

Rising long-term rates caused a pull-back in gold and silver. We expect gold to retest support between $3,900 and $4,000 per ounce, but respect will likely indicate another test of $4,400.

Spot Gold

Silver is similarly retracing to test support between 50 and 46.

Spot Silver

Conclusion

The Cass Freight Index recession signal reinforces last week’s warning from the Freightwaves CEO of a crisis in the long-haul freight industry.

The sharp contraction in financial market liquidity risks a correction in stock prices.

Gold and silver pulled back on a rally in long-term interest rates, but we remain bullish on their long-term prospects.

Acknowledgments

Posted on

Stocks fall, gold rises

Key Points

  • Bitcoin broke support at 100K, signaling that financial market liquidity is contracting.
  • Major stock indices and ETFs declined as Fed officials hosed down prospects of a December rate cut.
  • Copper and uranium miners are falling, indicating doubts over the AI infrastructure buildout.
  • Gold rallied to $4,200 per ounce, signaling a flight to safety.

Bitcoin broke long-term support at $100,000, signaling a financial market contraction.

Bitcoin (BTC)

Repo markets continue to signal stress, with the secured overnight financing rate (SOFR) above the rate paid on reserve balances.

Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR) & Interest on Reserve Balance (IORB)

The $7 trillion in money market funds is already tapped out, attracted by the sizable premium of the SOFR above the overnight reverse repo rate offered by the Fed.

Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR) & Overnight Reverse Repo Rate

In 2023, the Fed lowered the overnight reverse repo rate (pink above) to encourage money market funds to shift their investments to the repo market. The $2.3 trillion outflow into the repo market helped offset the effects of the Fed’s securities sales (QT), creating the illusion of monetary tightening without actual tightening.

Fed Reverse Repo (RRP) Liabilities

Stocks

The Nasdaq QQQ ETF fell more than 2.0%. The lower Trend Index peak above zero indicates secondary selling pressure, which will likely test support at 590.

Invesco Nasdaq 100 ETF (QQQ)

Demand for copper and uranium is expected to increase, with AI hyperscalers projected to invest an estimated $5 trillion in data centers and related infrastructure. Copper is required for both electrical and cooling purposes, so hesitation in the Sprott Copper Miners ETF (COPP) suggests growing doubts over the AI buildout. A breach of support at 28 would be a bearish sign for the AI-heavy tech sector.

Sprott Copper Miners ETF (COPP)

Demand for uranium is also projected to grow, with the IEA forecasting that global electricity demand from data centers will more than double by 2030 to approximately 945 terawatt-hours (TWh). However, declining Trend Index peaks on the Sprott Uranium Miners ETF (URNM) warn of rising selling pressure.

Sprott Uranium Miners ETF (URNM)

Gold

Gold rallied to test resistance at $4,200 per ounce as financial markets shifted to a risk-off stance. A breakout above $4,400 would offer a target of $5,000.

Spot Gold

Conclusion

Financial markets are signaling tighter liquidity, which will likely cause a secondary correction in stocks.

We are overweight in gold and gold miners, and underweight in high-multiple technology stocks.

We see long-term growth in copper and uranium, but are wary of a correction in the short-term.

Acknowledgments

Posted on

How the SRF could blow up the Treasury market

Key Points

  • The Fed’s Standing Repo Facility (SRF) is designed to provide backup funding to the repo market during periods of liquidity stress.
  • The $12 trillion repo market is secured by government securities, normally USTs, and has largely replaced unsecured interbank lending.
  • However, hedge funds are taking advantage of the SRF to finance highly leveraged basis trades.

Unsecured interbank lending has largely been replaced by repo financing after the breakdown of trust in the global financial crisis of 2008.

A repo is short for repurchase agreement, where the borrower sells government securities, typically US Treasuries, with an agreement to repurchase them at a slight discount the following day. The repo (discount) rate, formally known as the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR), has increased in importance as the repo market has grown to almost $12 trillion, overshadowing the widely known Fed Funds Rate (FFR). Both the SOFR and FFR are managed by the Fed through its open market operations.

A sharp spike in the repo rate in 2008 threatened to collapse the entire financial system. The Achilles heel of the banking system, and the reason for the Fed’s existence, is maturity mismatch. Borrowers take advantage of low interest rates in the short-term market and invest in long-term assets, capturing the wide spread. That works well until the yield curve inverts. Short-term rates spike upward as available credit contracts, causing a fire sale of long-term assets as borrowers scramble to raise cash to repay loans. A spike in the repo rate effectively serves as a margin call on long-term assets.

The first instance occurred during the 2008 subprime crisis, when the repo market ceased functioning, leading to a panicked sale of assets. Then, in 2019, repo rates spiked after the Fed’s QT had lowered bank reserves, reducing the supply of bank credit available to fund repos. The spike led to the famous Powell pivot, where the Fed abruptly ended QT and expanded its balance sheet (QE) to inject liquidity into financial markets.

Again in March 2020, repo rates spiked during the COVID pandemic, causing a sell-off of US Treasuries financed through highly leveraged basis trades.

The chart below shows the spread between the repo rate (SOFR) and the fed funds rate (FFR) in 2019 and 2020.

SOFR-FFR

The Fed responded by establishing the Standing Repo Facility (SRF), through which borrowers can obtain repo finance directly from the Fed when there is a shortage in the repo markets. The SRF acts as a market stabilizer, limiting increases in the SOFR and preventing a repeat of earlier repo market collapses. The underlying purpose is to avoid a fire sale of US Treasuries if the repo market ceases to function.

Hedge funds have increasingly tapped the repo market to finance highly-leveraged basis trades, which take advantage of the spread between repo rates and the implied discount on Treasury futures. The SRF has encouraged these trades by limiting the downside risk. Hedge funds pocket the spread when repo rates are low, and rely on the SRF to save them if rates rise.

We suspect that the size of leverage investment in US Treasuries is greater than commonly believed. Over the past decade, offshore investment in US Treasuries has swung from foreign central banks to private sector investment, primarily through offshore financial centers favored by hedge funds.

Basis trades are likely to continue growing as long as the Fed maintains a standing repo facility to stabilize the repo market. The SRF enables hedge funds to enter profitable leveraged trades on US Treasuries with limited downside risk.

As Charlie Munger said, “Show me the incentive and I’ll tell you the outcome.”

Stocks

The S&P 500 remains tentative after last week’s contraction in financial market liquidity.

S&P 500

A contraction in the ADP’s four-week moving average of private sector job creation to -11,250 has not helped.

ADP Private Sector Jobs - NER Pulse

Financial Markets

The secured overnight financing rate (SOFR) remains above the rate paid to banks on reserve balances (IORB), indicating financial market stress.

Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR) & Interest on Reserve Balance (IORB)

Bitcoin is re-testing support at 100K, warning that liquidity remains tight.

Bitcoin (BTC)

Dollar & Gold

The dollar is weakening as prospects for a December rate cut improve.

Dollar Index

Silver rallied to test its previous high at $54 per ounce.

Spot Silver

Gold followed, with a rise to $4,230 per ounce. A breakout above the resistance level at $4,400 would offer a target of $5,000.

Spot Gold

Conclusion

Basis trades funded through repo markets are expanding as the Fed’s standing repo facility (SRF) enables hedge funds to profit with limited downside risk while the Fed acts as a backstop.

Basis trades increase the vulnerability of US Treasury markets as hedge funds are highly leveraged short-term holders of USTs. In the past, unwinding basis trades have caused a sharp rise in Treasury yields when repo rates spike. The SRF may prevent a repeat of past spikes but provides an incentive for hedge funds to take on greater risk, expanding the size of their basis trades and increasing Treasury market vulnerability.

Financial markets remain unsettled, with Bitcoin testing long-term support at 100K. Gold and silver rallied, and breakout to new highs would offer targets of $5,000 and $62 per ounce, respectively.

Acknowledgments

Posted on

Gold bear trap & the AI illusion

Key Points

  • Gold recovered above $4,100 per ounce, signaling another test of $4,400.
  • Silver similarly recovered above $50 per ounce.
  • Bitcoin at 106K indicates improving liquidity.
  • The S&P 500 also completed a bear trap, indicating another rally.
  • A recent Stanford study suggests that the adoption of generative AI has had a minimal impact on employment levels.

Gold recovered above $4,100 per ounce, completing a bear trap with a target of $4,400.

Spot Gold

Silver similarly recovered above $50 per ounce, offering a target of $54.

Spot Silver

Bitcoin, our real-time indicator of financial market liquidity, rallied to 106K. Respect of long-term support at 100K offers a target of 116K, indicating the liquidity squeeze is fading.

Bitcoin (BTC)

The S&P 500 completed a similar bear trap at 6750, suggesting a rally to test 7000. Follow-through above 6900 would confirm.

S&P 500

41 AI-related stocks dominate the market capitalization of the S&P 500. Investors have gone all-in on AI and its ability to generate future earnings.

S&P 500 AI-Related Stocks

Jonathan Levin argues in Bloomberg that, excluding the AI-related Tesla and Amazon, consumer-facing sectors of the S&P 500 are in recession.

S&P 500 Consumer Staples & Discretionary

A recent Stanford study on ChatGPT adoption indicates significant increases in productivity in fields with high adoption rates. However, it notes that the improved productivity has, so far, led to increased wage rates rather than reduced employment levels.

Treasury Markets

10-year Treasury yields are consolidating around 4.10%, with resumed BLS inflation readings likely to provide further direction.

10-Year Treasury Yield

Trump-appointee Fed Governor Stephen Miran on Monday repeated his call for a half-percentage-point cut at the FOMC December 9-10 meeting. (Reuters)

Consumer perceptions of long-term inflation remain elevated, with the University of Michigan survey indicating that perceptions of 5-year inflation have averaged 3.7% over the past three months.

University of Michigan: 5-Year Inflation Expectations

Dollar & Gold

The dollar has weakened following high private sector layoffs in October, with financial market pricing indicating a 63% chance of a 25-basis-point rate cut in December. (Reuters)

Dollar Index

JP Morgan estimates that the labor market added 52K jobs in September but lost 35K in October, increasing the likelihood of another rate cut in December.

JP Morgan Estimated Labor Market Growth

Conclusion

We expect further rate cuts to weaken the dollar and boost prices of gold and silver.

S&P 500 performance depends on projected AI productivity gains, driving a massive increase in earnings for AI-related corporations. However, there is currently limited evidence to support this conclusion.

Acknowledgments

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